{"id":29235,"date":"2021-12-03T16:50:39","date_gmt":"2021-12-03T13:50:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b5%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d9%85\/"},"modified":"2021-12-03T16:50:39","modified_gmt":"2021-12-03T13:50:39","slug":"%d9%85%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b5%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b5%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d9%85\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <div class=\"e3lan e3lan-in-post1\"><center><br>\r\n<!-- f.336.280 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n    style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n    data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0007602327247913\"\r\n    data-ad-slot=\"8804957031\"\r\n    data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br>\r\n<\/center><\/div>\n<br \/>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644<br \/>\n<br \/>\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<br \/>\n<br \/>#\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 #\u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d #\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 #\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649 #\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 #\u0635\u0641 #\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 #\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 #\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 #\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644<br \/>\n<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_57_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter-rtl ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\" role=\"button\"><label for=\"item-69eaeff274ab8\" ><span class=\"\"><span style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input aria-label=\"Toggle\" aria-label=\"item-69eaeff274ab8\" style='display:none' type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-69eaeff274ab8\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b5%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d9%85\/#%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\" title=\"\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\">\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b5%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d9%85\/#_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9\" title=\"[ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 ]\">[ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 ]<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"featured-area\">\n<div class=\"featured-area-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"321\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635-\u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649-\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621-\u0635\u0641-\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639-\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645-\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644.png?resize=618%2C321&#038;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-jannah-image-post size-jannah-image-post wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" is_main_img=\"1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"entry-content entry clearfix\">\n<div class=\"stream-item stream-item-above-post-content\">\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin:20px auto;text-align:center;\">\n<div style=\"text-align:center;margin:2px auto;\">\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"docs-download-link\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/goto\/https:\/\/www.3lom4all.com\/vb\/re-3lom4all.php?link=11&#038;drive=1U4CodIYxR5FnlvYEWxHlIMlpJLV4nCoQ\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display:block;text-decoration:none;width:50%;margin:0px auto;padding:10px;text-align:center;font-size:22px;border:0px solid green;color:#49A36A;\" data-wpel-link=\"external\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin:20px auto;\">\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\"><\/span>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">[ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 : \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 ]<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u00a0\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 .<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/p>\n<div class=\"stream-item stream-item-in-post stream-item-inline-post aligncenter\">\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1590<\/span> <\/strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 ( \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0648 \u0632\u0627\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0646 ) \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 .<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1665<\/span> <\/strong>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0646 ( \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0637 ) \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 ( \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 ) \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<div class=\"stream-item stream-item-in-post stream-item-inline-post aligncenter\">\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/span><\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong> 1683<\/strong> <\/span>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> 1833<\/span> <\/strong>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>1838<\/strong> <\/span>\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>1839<\/strong> <\/span>\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>1855<\/strong> <\/span>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a ( \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 )<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 .<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 . \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a .<\/li>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>1880- 1890<\/strong> <\/span>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>1939<\/strong> <\/span>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0627\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0633\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 ( \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 ) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong> 1970<\/strong> <\/span>\u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629 .<br \/>\n\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 10 \u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641<br \/>\n\u0627\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 = 10 \u00d7 10 = 100 \u0636\u0639\u0641<br \/>\n\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 :<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>1940<\/strong> <\/span>\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong> 1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 ( TEM) :<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<br \/>\n\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 :<\/strong><\/span> 500,000<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 :<\/strong> <\/span>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629 . \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p><strong>2- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d (SEM):<br \/><\/strong>\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f .<\/p>\n<p><strong> \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong> 3- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d ( STM ):<br \/><\/strong>1981 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a . \u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/p>\n<p><strong>4- \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 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\/>\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 :<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a:<\/strong><\/span> \u201d \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 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