{"id":29899,"date":"2021-12-06T07:42:45","date_gmt":"2021-12-06T04:42:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/"},"modified":"2021-12-06T07:42:45","modified_gmt":"2021-12-06T04:42:45","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <div class=\"e3lan e3lan-in-post1\"><center><br>\r\n<!-- f.336.280 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n    style=\"display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px\"\r\n    data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0007602327247913\"\r\n    data-ad-slot=\"8804957031\"\r\n    data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br>\r\n<\/center><\/div>\n<br \/>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f<br \/>\n<br \/>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<br \/>\n<br \/>#\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 #\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a #\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 #\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 #\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f<br \/>\n<br \/><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"618\" height=\"309\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%91%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_Improve_understanding_and_awareness_of_the_content_of_critical_thinking\" title=\"\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 Improve understanding and awareness of the content of critical thinking\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 Improve understanding and awareness of the content of critical thinking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_The_teacher_is_a_Mediator\" title=\"\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 The teacher is a Mediator\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 The teacher is a Mediator<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF_The_teacher_has_the_ability_to_understand_the_stages_and_components_of_critical_thinking\" title=\"\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f The teacher has the ability to understand the stages and components of critical thinking\">\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f The teacher has the ability to understand the stages and components of critical thinking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC%D9%8B%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF_The_teacher_represents_a_model_for_critical_thinking\" title=\"\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f The teacher represents a model for critical thinking\">\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f The teacher represents a model for critical thinking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8E_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_The_teacher_should_focus_on_strengthening_mental_functions\" title=\"\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064e \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 The teacher should focus on strengthening mental functions.\">\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064e \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 The teacher should focus on strengthening mental functions.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA\" title=\"\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_Ennis\" title=\"\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 Ennis\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 Ennis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_19902013\" title=\"\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 19902013\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 19902013<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86\/#%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84\" title=\" \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \"> \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 <\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"post-inner\">\n<div class=\"entry\">\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9\"><\/span><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064e\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c 2008).<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u064d \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064e\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%91%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%91%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_Improve_understanding_and_awareness_of_the_content_of_critical_thinking\"><\/span><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 Improve understanding and awareness of the content of critical thinking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0643\u0648\u060c2009)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062f\u064e\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064e\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 (\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f\u060c1996: \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0643\u060c2001).<\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block code-block-1\" style=\"margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;\">\n<\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_The_teacher_is_a_Mediator\"><\/span><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 The teacher is a Mediator<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064f\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0652\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c1997)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 (\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c 2020).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF_The_teacher_has_the_ability_to_understand_the_stages_and_components_of_critical_thinking\"><\/span><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f The teacher has the ability to understand the stages and components of critical thinking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u064e\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064e\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c1988).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC%D9%8B%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF_The_teacher_represents_a_model_for_critical_thinking\"><\/span><strong>\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f The teacher represents a model for critical thinking<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 (\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 1988).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8E_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_The_teacher_should_focus_on_strengthening_mental_functions\"><\/span><strong>\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064e \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 The teacher should focus on strengthening mental functions.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064e \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a (1990).<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646 (1988) \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a (1990)\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block code-block-6\" style=\"margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;\">\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 (2011)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 (1990)\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644 (1993) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 (2011) \u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c2020)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA\"><\/span><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a (1977)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064d \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u201d (\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c 1997). \u201cCritical Being\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064e \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u064f \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c 1997)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block code-block-7\" style=\"margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;\">\n<\/div>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645 2) \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645 1)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c1997)\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0650\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a (1997)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637\u064d \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>. (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0645 1\u060c2 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064e\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31701\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/1638765765_533_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.jpg?resize=618%2C287&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\" width=\"618\" height=\"287\"   data-recalc-dims=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 (1) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31700\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/1638765765_112_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.jpg?resize=618%2C96&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"96\"   data-recalc-dims=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 (2) \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c1997)<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3_Ennis\"><\/span><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 <\/strong><strong>Ennis<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0651\u064e \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647 (1989:2011)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0652\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064d \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0650\u062f\u0647 \u0635\u064e\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0646\u064e\u0638\u0631\u064d \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0652\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645\u064f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0650\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u064a\u064e\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0650\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0642\u0650\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d (\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633\u060c2011).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31699\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/1638765765_448_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.jpg?resize=618%2C391&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"391\"   data-recalc-dims=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0645 3 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_19902013\"><\/span><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 19902013<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064e\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064e\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 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\u064a\u064e\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639\u064e \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064e\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064e\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 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\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u061b<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u060c 4).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31698\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/1638765765_646_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.jpg?resize=618%2C359&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"359\"   data-recalc-dims=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 (4) \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\/ \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\/ \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0634\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c 2004\u061b \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0633\u060c2004).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639<\/strong> <strong>Content knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u063a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>Pedagogical knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644 (\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0648\u060c 2013).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\/ \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong> <strong>Technological knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c SAMR\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u062f. Ruben Puentedura\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c SAMR \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u201d\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31697\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/1638765765_324_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.jpg?resize=618%2C326&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"326\"   data-recalc-dims=\"1\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c (\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 SAMR<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064f \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c SAMR.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062a\u064e\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064e\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064e\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u062a\u064a\u0634\u064a\u060c2002: \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 2008). \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0638\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a (1997)\u060c \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0633 (2011) \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 (1990\/2013) \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064e\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u060c (2020) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0648\u060c\u0645 (2013) \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Black, B. (2008). Critical thinking\u2014a definition and taxonomy for Cambridge Assessment: Supporting the validity arguments about critical thinking assessments administered by Cambridge Assessment. Thirty Fourth International Association of Educational Assessment Annual Conference. http:\/\/www.iaea.info\/documents\/paper_2b711dd1c.f<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Barnett, R. (1992). Improving higher education: Total quality care. Buckingham: Open University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Barnett, R. (1997). Higher education: A critical business. Buckingham: Open University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Choy, S. &amp; Cheah, P. (2009). Teacher perceptions of critical thinking among students and its influence on higher education. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(2), 198-206.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Costa, A., and Kallick, B., (2000). Habits of Mind. Alexandria: ASCD.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Costa, A. (1991). The search for intelligent life, in A. Costa, (Ed.). Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking, (pp. 100- 106). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Dewey, J. (1938). Logic. The theory of enquiry. New York: Henry Holt &amp; Company.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. London: Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership, 43(2), 44\u201348. Ennis, R. H. (1989). Critical thinking and subject specificity: Clarification and needed research. Educational Researcher, 18(3), 4\u201310<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ennis, R. H., Millman, J., &amp; Tomko, T. N. (1985). Manual, Cornell Critical Thinking Essay Test. Pacific Grove, CA: Midwest Publications<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ennis, R. (1962). A concept of critical thinking. Harvard Educational Review, 32(1), 81-111.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ennis, R.H. (2011) The Nature of Critical Thinking: An Outline of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. Available from: http:\/\/www.criticalthinking.net\/longdefinition.html [Accessed 27\/5\/2012]<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ennis, R. (1989). Critical thinking and subject specificity: Clarification and needed research. Educational Researcher, 18(3), 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Elder, L., &amp; Paul, R. (2009). A glossary of critical thinking terms and concepts<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Facione.P. A Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts https:\/\/www.nyack.edu\/files\/CT_What_Why_2013.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Facione, P. A. (2000). The disposition toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relation to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic, 20(1), 61\u201384.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Facione, P.A., Facione, N.C. and and Giancarlo, C. (2000) the Disposition toward Critical Thinking. Informal Logic [online]. 20 (1), pp.61-84. 297<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Fischer, S. C., Spiker, V. A., &amp; Riedel, S. L. (2009). Critical thinking training for army officers, volume 2: A model of critical thinking. (Technical Report). Arlington, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Glaser, R. (1984). Education and thinking: The role of knowledge. American Psychologist, 39(2), 93-104. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.39.2.93<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Glasersfeld, E. von (1996). Aspects of constructivism. In: C. T. Fosnot (Ed.), Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice (3-7). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains. Dispositions, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. The American psychologist, 53(4), 449-455. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.53.4.449<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lai, E. (2011). Critical thinking: A literature review. Pearson Research ReportRetrieved from http:\/\/www.pearsonassessments.com\/hai\/images\/tmrs\/CriticalThinkingReviewFINAL.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Critical thinking: Its nature, measurement, and improvement National Institute of Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/PDFS\/ED272882.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Scriven, M., &amp; Paul, R. (1996). Defining critical thinking: A draft statement for the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.criticalthinking.org\/print-page.cfm?pageID=10<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Shulman, L. S. (2004). The wisdom of practice: Essays on teaching, learning, and learning to teach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bas<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Tishman, S., Jay. E., &amp; Perkins, D. N. (1993). Teaching thinking dispositions: From transmission to enculturation. Theory into Practice, 32, 147-153<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Willingham, D. T. (2007). Critical thinking: Why is it so hard to teach? American Educator, 8\u201319.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lipman, M. (1988). Critical thinking\u2014what can it be? Educational Leadership, 46(1), 38\u201343.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lewis, A., &amp; Smith, D. (1993). Defining higher order thinking. Theory into Practice, 32(3), 131\u2013137.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Lai, E. (2011). Critical thinking: A literature review. Pearson Research ReportRetrieved from http:\/\/www.pearsonassessments.com\/hai\/images\/tmrs\/CriticalThinkingReviewFINAL.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to Teach in Higher Education. London: Routlege.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Ramsden, P., Beswick, D. G., &amp; Bowden, J. A. (1986). Effects of learning skills interventions on first year university students\u2019 learning. Human Learning, 5, 151164.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Paul, R. W., &amp; Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: The nature of critical and creative thought. Journal of Developmental Education, 30(2), 34\u201335.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Critical thinking: Its nature, measurement, and improvement National Institute of Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/PDFS\/ED272882.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84\"><\/span> \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 <\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0629  \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0641\u0627\u060c  \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1997 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0629 (\u0643\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u0627 ) \u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a ( 2004- 2006  ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0641\u0627.<br \/>\n\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631.<br \/>\n\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n&#8211; \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 &#8211;<\/p>\n<div class=\"e3lan e3lan-in-post2\"><center><br>\r\n<!-- auto -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0007602327247913\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1539421437\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br>\r\n<\/center><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a #\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 #\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a #\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 #\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 #\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u064f\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[21043],"tags":[21117,16214,8362,5449,9048,786,4,21114,21116,672,9069,21115,6065,21113],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f.jpg?fit=660%2C330&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pdhObK-7Mf","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29899"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29899\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29900"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.difference.news\/edu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}